December 22 has witnessed several significant events throughout British history, ranging from royal coronations to political upheavals. This article explores notable occurrences on this date, providing detailed accounts of each event and its historical context.
What Happened on December 22 in British History?
The Crowning of King Stephen (1135)
On December 22, 1135, King Stephen of Blois was crowned King of England. This event marked the beginning of a tumultuous period known as The Anarchy, which lasted for nearly two decades. The background to this event lies in the succession crisis following the death of King Henry I. Henry I had no legitimate male heirs and had named his daughter, Matilda, as his successor. However, upon his death in 1135, Stephen, who was Matilda’s cousin, seized the opportunity to claim the throne.Stephen’s ascension was facilitated by a coup d’état. He invaded England with a small force and quickly gained support among the nobility, many of whom were eager to see a male ruler on the throne. His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey, where he was anointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. This act not only solidified his claim but also set off a series of conflicts between Stephen’s supporters and those loyal to Matilda.The ensuing struggle for power saw both sides engage in brutal warfare across England and parts of France. The conflict was characterized by shifting allegiances, sieges of castles, and widespread devastation. Matilda’s forces eventually captured London in 1141, leading to her temporary recognition as queen. However, Stephen regained control shortly thereafter, and the war continued until 1153 when a compromise was reached that allowed Matilda’s son, Henry II, to inherit the throne after Stephen’s death. This resolution ultimately led to the establishment of the Plantagenet dynasty.
The Death of Richard Plantagenet (1550)
Another significant event that occurred on December 22 was the death of Richard Plantagenet, known as Richard of Eastwell, in 1550. Richard was a notable figure during the Wars of the Roses and was closely associated with King Richard III. At just 16 years old, Richard had a unique encounter with King Richard III shortly before the pivotal Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.According to historical accounts, Richard III summoned young Richard to his camp and revealed that he was his son. The king instructed him to watch the battle from a safe distance and promised that if he emerged victorious, he would publicly acknowledge him as his son. However, if he were defeated, Richard would have to conceal his identity forever.The Battle of Bosworth Field resulted in a decisive victory for Henry Tudor (later Henry VII), leading to Richard III’s death and the end of the Plantagenet dynasty. Following this defeat, Richard Plantagenet’s life took a different trajectory; he lived through a period marked by political instability and shifting loyalties within the English nobility until his death in 1550.
James Edward Stuart’s Landing (1715)
On December 22, 1715, James Edward Stuart, also known as the Old Pretender, landed in northeast Scotland to lead a Jacobite rebellion against the ruling government. James was the son of James II, who had been deposed during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 due to his Catholic faith and perceived tyranny.The Jacobite cause sought to restore James II’s descendants to the throne of Great Britain. Upon landing at Peterhead, James aimed to rally support among Scottish clans discontented with English rule. His arrival ignited hopes among Jacobites for a restoration of their king.However, despite initial enthusiasm and some local support from clans such as the MacDonalds and Camerons, James faced significant challenges. The rebellion culminated in several battles but ultimately failed after suffering defeats at Prestonpans and later at Culloden in 1746. The failed rebellion solidified British government control over Scotland and led to harsh reprisals against Jacobite supporters.
Elizabeth II Becomes Oldest Reigning Monarch (2010)
In modern history, December 22 is also significant for marking an important milestone in British royal history: on this day in 2010, Queen Elizabeth II surpassed Queen Victoria as the longest-reigning monarch in British history at age 84 years and 148 days.Queen Elizabeth II ascended to the throne on February 6, 1952, following her father King George VI’s death. Her reign has seen significant changes within Britain and across the Commonwealth realms, including decolonization and shifts in societal norms.This milestone was celebrated throughout Britain as a testament to her longevity and dedication to public service. It highlighted her role during both times of national crisis and celebration—an embodiment of continuity for many Britons.
Conclusion
December 22 has been pivotal in shaping British history through various events spanning centuries. From royal successions that altered dynasties to rebellions that challenged governmental authority, each occurrence reflects broader themes within British history such as power struggles, national identity, and societal change. Understanding these events provides insight into how they have influenced contemporary Britain and its monarchy today.
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